These types of defects cause incorrect or insufficient blood flow:

• Coarctation of the Aorta: A narrowing of a portion of the aorta.
• Interrupted Aortic Arch: When part of the aorta is missing.
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus: A fetal artery connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta that doesn’t close after birth.
• Total/Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (T/PAPVR): Some or all of the pulmonary veins do not connect to the left atrium as they should.
• Truncus Arteriosus: A single common blood vessel comes out of the heart, instead of the usual two vessels.
• Transposition of the Great Arteries: The heart’s two major arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery) connect to the opposite ventricle.

Heart valve defects can also cause incorrect of insufficient blood flow. They include:

• Bicuspid Aortic Valve: An aortic valve that has two flaps (cusps) instead of the normal three. These flaps can become narrowed, obstructed or cause leakage.
• Ebstein’s Anomaly: Tricuspid valve flaps are not formed correctly and are in the wrong position.
• Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: A defect that narrows or obstructs the pulmonary valve opening.

Watch Video: Holier Than Thou? ASD in Adults

ASD in Adults Also known as “holes in the heart,” septal heart defects impact blood flow. Examples include:

• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): A hole between the heart’s upper chambers, or atria.
• Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD): A hole between the heart’s lower pumping chambers, or ventricles.
• Atrioventricular Canal Defect: Sometimes called atrioventricular septal defect, includes a hole between the heart's chambers and problems with valves controlling blood flow in the heart.

Defects Watch Video: Life After the Fontan/Single Ventricle

These defects affect one of the heart’s lower chambers, or ventricles. They include:

• Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Left side of the heart is underdeveloped.
• Pulmonary Atresia: when the pulmonary valve that controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs doesn't form.
• Tricuspid Atresia: when the tricuspid valve that controls blood flow from the heart’s right upper chamber to the right lower chamber doesn't form.
• Other single ventricle defects

Watch Videos: Management of Tetralogy of Fallot in Adults | Adults with Shone's Complex

Additional heart defects causing congenital heart disease include:

• Double Outlet Right Ventricle: Aorta and pulmonary artery connect to the right ventricle.
• Shone Complex: Heart has multiple narrowed areas in the left side of heart.
• Tetralogy of Fallot: Combination of four heart defects.

Some inherited conditions can cause congenital heart disease, including:

• Marfan Syndrome: Inherited condition that affects connective tissues.
• Noonan Syndrome: Prevents normal development of some parts of the heart, blood vessels and body.
• Turner Syndrome: Affects females in which one of the X chromosomes is missing or partially missing.
• Williams Syndrome: Genetic developmental disorder affecting several areas of the body.
• DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11): Small part of chromosome 22 is missing.
• Down Syndrome: A person has an extra chromosome.